After completing this programme, you will have acquired a comprehensive understanding of the international investment framework applicable to foreign investments in Africa, as well as the associated protection mechanisms available to investors and governments. You will understand the various policy and legislative measures, implemented by host governments, which can expose both investors and the host government to significant risk. Particular areas of focus include acts of expropriation; nationalisation; local content requirements (related to both ownership and supplier content); forced re-negotiations of contracts with African governments, and allegations of unfair and inequitable treatment of investors. You will also understand the evolution of treaty standards in Africa, such as novel obligations for investors to consider ESG (e.g. Environmental, Sustainability and Governance obligations) as part of the investment. To provide relatable and pragmatic examples, contemporary case studies are applied throughout.